INTRODUCTION
According to an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development report, the average life expectancy of Korean women is about 85 years old while the average of their male counterpart is 78 years old. It means women are likely to outlive men by over 7 years (Jeoung, 2015; Lee, 2015). The ballooning average life expectancy of women suggests they are relatively healthier than men, but it also means that they will have to endure more stresses and major changes in their lives in their old age. For example, women who usually outlive their male counterparts are exposed to more uncertainties, such as separation from their spouses by death, mourning the death of their colleagues, or being afflicted with age-related diseases.
Should they fail to adapt or respond to such environmental changes, they would experience various psychological symptoms of maladjustment, such as anxiety or depression, or, in some serious cases, they might be tempted to commit suicide. Therefore, whether or not they would live a rich and happy life in their old age largely depends on how they could effectively control internal and external stresses from such difficult environments (Mehta et al., 2008; Smith, 2009).
While studying this perspective, it was discovered that ego resiliency is a very important concept for women in their old age. Wagnild (2003) defined ego resiliency as a positive psychological faculty that enables one to respond to different types of stress. Specifically, Felten and Hall (2001), Lamond et al. (2008), Resnick (2008), and Wagnild and Young (1990) observed that the elderly with a high ego resiliency (a) would maintain balanced views on their lives; (b) have a clear goal for their lives; (c) possess strong perseverance against ordeals; (d) demonstrate excellent capability to go through a particular difficulty; and (e) exhibit strong self-confidence. Wagnild (2003) argued that the elderly with a high ego resiliency may experience relatively minimal depressive thoughts since they could skillfully control internal and external stresses, thereby enjoying productive elderly life. Thus, it signifies that the improvement of ego resiliency is most critical to reducing depressive thoughts that are emerging as one of the most serious social issues in their old age.
There are various methods to improve ego resiliency and reduce depressive thoughts, the most critical concept in old age, but the importance of diverse physical activities has been stressed recently (Brown et al., 2005; Childs and de Wit, 2014; Penedo and Dahn, 2005; Scully et al., 1998; Stathopoulos et al., 2006; Strawbridge et al., 2002). Specifically, Childs and de Wit (2014) reported that regular exercise contributed to strengthening the emotional resiliency of adults, while Brown et al. (2005) and Silveira et al. (2013) both reported that the more frequently one participated in regular physical activities, such as aerobic or muscular exercises, the less one would experience depressive thoughts. There have been little studies on the influence of low intensity physical activities, such as Pilates, which helps people use small, seldom-used muscles without moving their bodies actively and provides psychological stability through activities such as meditation on ego resiliency and depression of elderly women.
Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on the ego resiliency and depression in elderly women. The specific research questions of this study are as shown: (a) Is there difference in the ego resiliency between before and after participation in the 16-week Pilates exercise program of elderly women? (b) Is there difference in the depression between before and after their participation in the 16-week Pilates exercise program?
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research participants
For this research, a total of 150 female women aged over 60, which is defined as the elderly according to the Elderly Welfare Act in Korea, were sampled from Pilates programs run by a health and fitness center of Gachon University and a senior welfare center managed by Inchoen city. The participants were briefed on the content and the purpose of the research, and signed a consent form stating that they would participate in the research before the test began. Two of them were excluded from the test after stating that they would not participate in the test for personal reasons. Therefore, a total of 148 participants (66.3±4.29) completed a 16-week intervention program for this research. The general characteristics of research participants are as shown in Table 1.
Research tool
Questionnaires were used to examine the effect of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on their ego resiliency and depression in elderly women.
Ego resiliency
The ego resiliency was measured by using 5-point Likert scale that developed by Klohnen (1996). The questionnaire on the ego resiliency test section was composed of questions on self-confidence (5 questions), communication efficiency (5 questions), optimistic trait (5 questions), and anger management (5 questions). The assessment is done by selecting from a Likert scale: “strongly agree (5 points) to strongly disagree (1 point)”, while the higher the overall reaction point is, the greater the ego resiliency is. The reliability was Cronbach α=0.827–0.880 which was reliable.
Depression
The Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, which was developed by Sheikh and Yesavage (1986), was used to measure depression. The responses to all items were made by the 5 Likert scale: “strongly agree (5 points) to strongly disagree (1 point)”. The reliability was shown as Cronbach α=0.924 which was very reliable.
Test procedure and Pilates program
This research is designed to examine the effect of the Pilates exercise program on ego resiliency and depression in elderly women. The research was performed for a period of 16 weeks in the health and fitness center of Gachon University and in the gym of a senior welfare center located in Inchoen city. The Pilates classes were led by 4 professional Pilates instructors (two instructor in each center respectively), while participants were advised to refrain from performing any other physical activity than the 16-week Pilates exercise program.
Before the commencement of the program, all participants were briefed on the purpose and the intention of the research, submitted signed consent forms and they filled in ego resiliency and depression questionnaires. The posttest was performed after the completion of the 16-week Pilates exercise program in accordance with the same manner as in the preliminary test.
In this research, the Pilates exercise program consisted of three sessions per week for a period of 16 weeks. Each session was again composed of a 5-min warm-up, a 40-min main program, and a 5-min cool-down. For the warming up and cooling down routines, static stretching was performed to relax muscles, while for the main program, Pilates moves were performed in sync with matching tunes. The main program of the Pilates class was divided into 6 to 8 subsessions in accordance with the ratings of perceived exertion (Kaesler et al., 2007; Pilates, 2001; Roh, 2016). The Pilates activity was composed mainly of two activities: 8-week Pilates mat exercises followed by 8-week band exercises. The detailed program contents are shown in Table 2.
Research procedures and data analysis
The collected data were inputted to the computer and were analyzed by the IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). A descriptive analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to show general characteristics of participants and to verify reliability of the questionnaires respectively. The paired t-test was also conducted to analyze the differences between the pre and post-test. The level of significance was set as 0.05.
RESULTS
Differences in ego resiliency after the 16-week Pilates exercise program of elderly women
To analyze the difference in the ego resiliency of elderly women who participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program, paired t-test was used. The results are shown in Table 3.
As shown in Table 3, there was a statistically significant difference in self-confidence, a subvariable of ego resiliency (t=7.770, P<0.001), which showed a dramatic increase in the posttest (4.16±0.57) than in the pretest (3.57±0.74). There was also a statistically significant difference in communication efficiency (t=2.690, P<0.01), with a steady increase in the posttest (3.55± 0.54) than in the preliminary test (3.37±0.58). There was a statistically significant difference in optimistic trait (t=1.996, P<0.05), showing an increase in the posttest (3.61±0.64) than in the preliminary test (3.45±0.73). There was a statistically significant difference in anger management (t=4.525, P<0.001) with a vastly increase in the posttest (3.53±0.68) than in the preliminary test (3.13±0.83).
Differences in depression after the 16-week Pilates exercise program of elderly women
As shown in Table 4, there was a statistically significant difference in depression of elderly women who participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program (t=−6.506, P<0.001). More specifically, depression of elderly women dramatically decreased in the post test (2.50±0.46) than in the preliminary test (2.86±0.52).
DISCUSSION
This study examined the effect of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on their ego resiliency and depressions in elderly women. This chapter will be dedicated to an in-depth discussion of the results.
An analysis of the difference in ego resiliency before and after participation in the 16-week Pilates program of elderly women, the primary participant of this study, shows that there are statistically significant differences. Self-confidence, communication efficiency, optimistic trait, and anger management, all of the subvariable consisting of the ego resiliency of elderly women who participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program, have been improved, compared to their condition before the participation in the Pilates exercise program. To sum it up, these elderly women responded better to impending challenges with confidence, and communicated with other people more positively than they did before their participation in the program. Furthermore, their capability to respond to a situation in an optimistic light and their ability to control anger improved after their participation in the program, suggesting that such changes are stemming from the unique characteristics of Pilates, namely, that Pilates can contribute to improve emotional competence as well as physical capability unlike other exercises, and such objective of Pilates has improved the self-confidence, communication efficiency, optimistic trait, and anger management of the participants, all of which are elements of ego resiliency (Campos de Oliveira et al., 2015).
Second, the difference in depression of elderly women before and after their participation in the 16-week Pilates program was indeed confirmed. The perceived geriatric depression of the participants dropped after their participation in the 16-week Pilates program, suggesting that Pilates contributes to lowering geriatric depression frequently observed among the elderly by decreasing stress levels stemming from their own state of health or other external factors. Such an outcome points out that Pilates, which is defined as a slow exercise, provides a psychologically positive and calming effect. In the same vein, Mokhtari et al. (2013) reported that a 12-week Pilates activity contributes to reducing geriatric depression among the elderly, confirming the conclusion of this study.
It should be noted that the physiological and emotional roles inherent in Pilates exercises are critical in raising the ego resiliency of elderly women and in alleviating depression. Therefore, this study would be a key data in supporting the importance of Pilates among elderly women who are in need of physical and psychological attention.
This study would contribute to an extent to resolving diverse potential issues that are happening at the national level by surveying the effectiveness of the Pilates program on numerous issues that could occur to female elders who are enjoying relatively longer life expectancies.
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