Low back pain (LBP) is a major health burden which affects the majority of individuals in the world (Tüzün et al., 2017). It has been estimated that about 60%–80% of people experience LBP in their lifetime (Liu et al., 2018; Tüzün et al., 2017). This results in considerable implications on disability, quality of life, work status, and results in substantial economic burden for society (Liu et al., 2018).

Numerous management strategies exist for the treatment of chronic LBP. The initial treatment options are typically noninvasive and include; pharmacological medications, manual therapy, and exercise therapy (Jorgensen et al., 2018). Exercise therapy is one of the most common treatment approaches for the management of LBP (Aboagye et al., 2015). Studies have shown that exercise therapy can improve function and activities of daily living by improving flexibility, strength and endurance (Nguyen et al., 2017; Shariat et al., 2017; Takahashi et al., 2017).

Dry needling is another technique used to manage trigger points (TPs) in muscles such as the gluteal muscle which have been shown to be prevalent in individuals with lumbosacral radiculopathy (Adelmanesh et al., 2015). Dry needling has been shown to increase pressure pain threshold and range of motion (ROM), decrease muscle tone, and decrease pain as measured as a reduction in sensitivity of TPs (Shariat et al., 2018). In the needling technique, a fine needle is used to penetrate the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle without using anesthetics (Gattie et al., 2017). However there exists controversy as to the clinical effectiveness of dry needling compared to other management approaches (Tough et al., 2009). Despite this it is still recommended for use in the management of chronic LBP (Furlan et al., 2005).

Nonfunctional electrical stimulation (ES) is a therapeutic modality where nerves are stimulated with electrical current via surface electrodes to stimulate muscular contraction to improve strength and physical performance (Bauer et al., 2015). This method has been widely used for the management of nonacute LBP (Glaser et al., 2001). It is plausible this method has potential to reduce pain in patients with LBP by strengthening trunk muscles, similar to exercise.

This case report describes the outcomes of a patient with low back and radicular pain receiving a treatment package including exercise therapy, dry needling and nonfunctional ES. To the best of our knowledge no reports in the literature could be identified using this multimodal treatment approach.

LBP is one of the main reasons individuals miss days from work and results in substantial disability for office workers (Shariat et al., 2016). There are several management strategies for individuals with LBP that range from noninvasive to invasive procedures (Coulombe et al., 2017). There exist many different approaches to exercise therapy and a variety of approaches have been shown to reduce pain and improve ROM in individuals with LBP. For example, 12 weeks of core stabilization exercise and general exercise are effective interventions for young male patients with lumbar disc herniation (Ye et al., 2015). Shariat et al. (2017) demonstrated the long term effect of exercise were more effective than ergonomic modification on neck, shoulder, and LBP among office workers. Although studies have shown that exercise therapy results in the reduction of LBP no general consensus exists regarding the most efficacious approach. (Jorgensen et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2017). However, it has been shown that core stability exercises may result in better coping strategy for dealing with the pain. In addition, 17% increases in plasma serotonin levels have been reported immediately after 30 min of stabilization exercise, which may be related to the positive effects of the exercise approach used with the current patient after only four sessions (Ganiyu and Gujba, 2015).

Dry needling is another technique that has been used for reducing LBP by deactivating myofascial trigger points. It has been demonstrated to be effective in conjunction with other therapies for chronic LBP (Nguyen et al., 2017). Dry needling can mechanically disrupt sensory or motor components of nerve endings that contribute to abnormal elements of muscle contractions. The temporary damage to the muscle fibers created by the needle may cause the release of local intracellular potassium which prevents depolarization of nerve fibers. In addition, other plausible theories exist for potential mechanisms of action including the release of local endorphins and the gate control theory of pain (Tüzün et al., 2017). Nevertheless, a systematic review and meta-analysis performed by on the effects of dry needling on neck pain concluded that there is a low-quality to moderate quality evidence for the effectiveness of this method on neck pain (Gattie et al., 2017). Furthermore, a systematic review by Liu et al. (2018) found needling reduced the intensity of pain in individuals with LBP, however the impact on function reamins unclear (Liu et al., 2018).

Several studies have assessed the effects of neuromuscular ES with the addition of exercise on musculoskeletal spine pain. Hicks et al. (2016) found improvements in physical function in elderly individuals with chronic LBP. In addition, it has been showed ES stimulates hip and trunk muscles and decrease pain, but the duration of these findings was short-term only (Triolo et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009).

Different combinations of conservative management strategies are used for reducing pain and improving function in individuals with chronic disc herniation but it is difficult to ascertain which approach is more effective.

We report the outcomes of a patient treated with a short-term multimodal approach including exercise therapy, dry needling, and nonfunctional ES to reduce pain in and increase ROM in a patient with LBP. During the course of four treatment sessions this individual experienced clinically meaningful improvements in pain and ROM. However, we cannot infer a cause and effect relationship from a case study. In our view, a combination of these three treatments may have been the key to reducing the radicular pain and we suggest multimodal approaches including exercise therapy, dry needling and nonfunctional ES instead be combined for the management of this condition. Future randomized clinical trials should be performed to determine if the treatment approach used in the current case study is superior to other approaches.