Effect of aqua walking exercise on knee joint angles, muscular strength, and visual analogue scale for patients with limited range of motion of the knee

Article information

J Exerc Rehabil Vol. 17, No. 4, 265-269, August, 2021
Publication date (electronic) : 2021 August 23
doi : https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142432.216
Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
*Corresponding author: Young-Pyo Kim, Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea, Email: kimyp@jejunu.ac.kr
Received 2021 June 20; Accepted 2021 July 23.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of aqua walking exercise on the joint range of motion (ROM), muscular strength, and pain in patients who have limited knee ROM from surgery or joint fixation. Ten subjects were participated in this study and divided into two groups: continuous passive motion (CPM) therapy+walking exercise on dryland (CWD) and CPM+aqua walking exercise (CAW) groups. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to verify the difference between the groups and the duration of the program. A paired t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference within the groups, and an independent t-test was used to verify the significance of the observed difference between different groups. In this study, ROM in the knee flexion showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD. Also, strength on the knee flexors showed interaction effect between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD, while strength on the knee extensors showed no significant interaction effect between groups. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score showed interaction between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of the VAS scores compared to those in CWD. Given these findings reported in present study, aqua walking exercise for patients with osteoarthritis is a very safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can move the joint in the optimal ROM.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis has traditionally been classified as a noninflammatory degenerative joint disease that leads to breakdown of the cartilage and bone in weight-bearing joint, such as the hands, knees, hips, and spine (Glyn-Jones et al., 2015). The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body, and belongs to a synovial joint that connects the femur, tibia, and patella. The knee joint also is stabilized by surrounding skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments, but it is a joint with a high risk of injury in daily life or sports activities (Albtoush et al., 2018). In particular, it has been reported that overuse of the knee joint is closely related to osteoarthritis (Khawaja et al., 2021).

Chronic osteoarthritis causes deformation in the knee, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is applied to secure the mobility and stability of the knee joint according to the severity of the. Most patients with TKA complain of limited range of motion (ROM), pain, edema, and muscle weakness around the knee joint as well as deterioration of skeletal muscle function (Yoshiko et al., 2020). To recover these dysfunctions, the important of exercise therapy is emphasized in the field of rehabilitation, and the main goal of exercise rehabilitation is to improve muscle strength and restore ROM in the knee joint.

A few days after TKA is the initial stage of excise rehabilitation, where various active ROM exercises including continuous passive motion (CPM), eccentric contraction exercises, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, and aquatic exercise are performed. Previous studies have suggested that knee ROM in patients who underwent TKA is limited to 30–40 degrees, and daily life is possible only when ROM is increased to 100 degrees (Wu et al., 2017).

Among these therapeutic exercises for patients with TKA, aquatic exercise is known to have the advantage of reducing load on the knee joint, preventing soft tissue shortening, and restore ROM of the knee (Myles et al., 2002). Batterham et al. (2011) confirmed that both dry land exercise and aquatic exercise improved muscular strength and ROM in knee joint of the osteoarthritis patients. Hinman et al. (2007) represented that aquatic exercise therapy for 6 weeks applied for the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis had a positive effect on muscle function, quality of life, and pain. Also, some recent studies, aquatic exercise approach after TKA induced an increase in the muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings, and an enhancement in walking speed, and a decrease in pain of the knee (Rewald et al., 2016; Taglietti et al., 2018).

Considering these previous studies, it can be seen that aquatic exercise is the main treatment strategy for promoting the functional recovery in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, the lack of scientific evidence for effect of aquatic exercise in the field of osteoarthritis is pointed out as a limitation in clinical application. Therefore, the purpose of this study focuses on investigating the effect of aquatic exercise therapy on knee ROM, muscular strength, and pain in patients having limited ROM from TKA or joint fixation

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

The participants in this study were 10 patients with limitation of the knee joint from TKA or joint fixation (Table 1), and they are divided into two groups: the CPM+walking exercise on dryland (CWD, n=5) and the CPM+aqua walking exercise (CAW, n=5) groups. Before beginning the study, all participants had a detailed explanation of this study and submitted their written informed consent to the researchers. This research was conducted ethically according to international guidelines.

Physical characteristics of the subjects.

Training program

Dry land and aquatic exercises were performed for 5 days a week, and exercise program consisted of 30 min of CPM therapy and 30 min of walking exercise. On day 1 and 2, a cycle of 5 min of walking exercise followed by 5 min rest was repeated 3 times. On day 3 to 5, a cycle of 7 min of walking exercise followed by 3 min resting was repeated 3 times. Exercise intensity was adjusted to pain-free walking speed. CPM therapy was conducted in maximum ROM that patient could contract and relax the knee without pain (Wirries et al., 2020). The cycle of extension and flexion of the knee in CPM was determined to be 30 sec.

Knee ROM testing

The active ROM of the subject’s knee was measured by a physical therapist using universal and reliable goniometer. The subjects lie on a bed in the supine position with their knee extended. And then the active ROM was measured by flexing the knee joint. In order to reduce the error between measurements, ROM test was repeated 3 times and the average value was applied.

Manual muscle testing

The manual muscle test was performed by applying the method used by Rätsepsoo et al. (2013). In order to reduce the error between measurements, ROM test was repeated 3 times and the average value was applied. It was quantitatively evaluated through scoring for grades.

Visual analogue scale

The visual analogue scale (VAS) is psychometric response scales to investigate a unidimensional measure of pain intensity, and it is widely used in clinical research to examine the intensity or frequency of pain (Gould et al., 2001; Paul-Dauphin et al., 1999). The VAS was a 10-cm horizontal or vertical line, and both ends were marked with no pain or the most severe pain. The subjects marked a point that matched the intensity of the pain they are currently feeling.

Statistical analysis

PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to determine the effect of aquatic walking exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. To confirm the main effect, we used a two-way repeated analysis of variance. If there was a significant interaction effect, an independent t-test between groups or a paired t-test between times was applied. All values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. P<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Dryland and aquatic exercises regulate ROM in the knee extension and flexion

Changes of ROM in the knee extension and flexion before and after dryland and aquatic exercise were investigated at the early phase of exercise rehabilitation. As shown in Table 2, ROM in the knee flexion (F=12.190, P=0.008) showed interaction effect between groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD, and within groups, both CAW (t=−7.171, P=0.002) and CWD (t=−7.483, P=0.002) significantly increased values for ROM in knee flexion movement. ROM in the knee extension (F=1.600, P=0.242) showed no significant interaction effect between groups. There were significant differences only in the knee extension ROM of CAW (t=4.000, P=0.016).

The result for ROM of the knee

Dryland and aquatic exercises control the knee extensors and flexors

Changes of the knee flexor muscle strength before and after dryland and aquatic exercise were investigated at the early phase of exercise rehabilitation. As shown in Table 3, strength on the knee flexors (F=5.333, P=0.050) showed interaction effect between groups. CAW had a significant increase of knee flexion angle compared to those in CWD, and within groups, there were significant differences only in the hamstring muscle strength of CAW (t=−5.715, P=0.005). Strength on the knee extensors (F= 3.600, P=0.094) showed no significant interaction effect between groups. Within groups, there were significant differences only in the hamstring muscle strength of CAW (t=−6.000, P=0.004).

The result for Manual muscle testing

Dryland and aquatic exercises regulate the values in VAS

To examine the pain VAS, we performed a subjective measure before and after dryland and aquatic exercise. As shown in Table 4, VAS score (F=14.727, P=0.005) showed interaction between the two groups. CAW had a significant increase of the VAS scores compared to those in CWD, and within groups, there were significant differences only in the hamstring muscle strength of CAW (t=6.000, P=0.004).

The result for visual analogue scale

DISCUSSION

ROM test has been often used in daily life and sports field to examine the joint mobility and performance capacity (Moreno-Pérez et al., 2020). In general, ROM of the joint is associated with increasing age and pain in specific area (Kennedy et al., 2013). In the present study, we found that ROM in the knee flexion was further increased in the knee flexion compared to CWD, but the value of ROM in the knee extension did not show a significant difference between the CWD and CAW groups. Application of CPM therapy in the initial rehabilitation of patient with limited ROM of the knee joint positively affected in the change of ROM and pain during the knee extension and flexion as well as reduced length of stay in hospital (Bakirhan et al., 2015; Liao et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2019). Also, recent studies reported that aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis could be safe and improve pain, disability, and quality of life (Assar et al., 2020). The results of these previous studies support the importance of aquatic walking exercise in therapeutic strategy for developing the knee ROM.

Increased quadriceps muscle strength is associated with functional stability of the knee joint, quality of life, and improvement of exercise performance. In addition, it has been reported that, in patients with ROM limitation such as TKA, the increase in quadriceps muscle strength at the initial stage of rehabilitation is one of the important factors determining the success of rehabilitation (Greene and Schurman, 2008; Loyd et al., 2019). We confirmed that CAW significantly increased the strength in the knee extensors and flexors compared to those in CWD. These results are consistent with the study that reported that aquatic exercise, rather than dryland exercise, developed muscle strength in patients with TKA (Lee and Kim, 2021). In particular, in this study, aqua walking exercise was found to be effective in enhancing knee flexor muscles. The reason for these results is thought be that the knee extension in the quadriceps and knee flexion in the hamstrings were rhythmically and smoothly performed according to the reduction of pain while walking in water (Kim et al., 2021).

Chronic pain in osteoarthritis is produced by weakness and imbalance in the muscular strength around the knee, knee instability caused by a deformity of the knee, and morphological changes in the synovial cyst, ligaments, and nerve tissue due to inflammatory substances in the knee joint (Courtney et al., 2017). Patients with osteoarthritis experience stiffness in the affected joints, and the pain tends to be worse after overuse or long periods of inactivity (Shadyab et al., 2018). As side effects of drug treatment for improvement in osteoarthritis pain have been reported, nonpharmacological interventions including exercise, stretching, stress relief are emphasized in the clinical field (Nejati et al., 2015). Among various nonpharmacological pain managements, exercise therapy is a self-controlled management method (Skou et al., 2018), and it is effective in reducing pain and body weight as well as increasing ROM of the knee joint and muscle strength. In our study, the values in VAS was significantly decreased in CAW when compared to CWD. These results are thought to be due to that aqua walking exercise only weighs 10% of the body weight compared to on the ground, minimizing stress on joints, bones, tendons, ligaments, and muscles.

Given these findings reported in present study, aqua walking exercise for patients with limited ROM of the knee is a very safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can move the joint in the optimal ROM.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the 2021 education, research and student guidance grant funded by Jeju National University.

Notes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

Albtoush, O.M., Taib, A.A., Horger, M., & Springer, F. Avulsion fracture of an ossified pes anserinus tendon post-lateral patellar dislocation. Skeletal Radiol, (2018). 47, 699–702.
Assar, S., Gandomi, F., Mozafari, M., & Sohaili, F. The effect of total resistance exercise vs. aquatic training on self-reported knee instability, pain, and stiffness in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, (2020). 12, 1–13.
Bakirhan, S., Ünver, B., & Karatosun, V. Effects of two different continuous passive motion application protocols on the functional activities of total knee arthroplasty inpatients. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, (2015). 49, 497–502.
Batterham, S.I., Heywood, S., & Keating, J.L. Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercise for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, (2011). 12, 123.
Courtney, C.A., Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C., & Bond, S. Mechanisms of chronic pain–key considerations for appropriate physical therapy management. J Man Manip Ther, (2017). 25, 118–127.
Glyn-Jones, S., Palmer, A.J.R., Agricola, R., Price, A.J., Vincent, T.L., Weinans, H., & Carr, A.J. Osteoarthritis. Lancet, (2015). 386, 376–387.
Gould, D., Kelly, D., Goldstone, L., & Gammon, J. Examining the validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: developing and using illustrated patient simulations to collect the data. J Clin Nurs, (2001). 10, 697–706.
Greene, K.A., & Schurman, J.R. Quadriceps muscle function in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, (2008). 23, 15–19.
Hinman, R.S., Heywood, S.E., & Day, A.R. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther, (2007). 87, 32–43.
Kennedy, J.W., Johnston, L., Cochrane, L., & Boscainos, P.J. Total knee arthroplasty in the elderly: does age affect pain, function or complications? Clin Orthop Relat Res, (2013). 471, 1964–1969.
Khawaja, M.N., Alhassan, E., Bilal, J., Jatwani, S., Mehta, B., Bhalla, V., Morgan, D.J., Siaton, B.C., & Hochberg, M.C. Medical overuse of therapies and diagnostics in rheumatology. Clin Rheumatol, (2021). 40, 2087–2094.
Kim, S., Hsu, F.C., Groban, L., Williamson, J., & Messier, S. A pilot study of aquatic prehabilitation in adults with knee osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty - short term outcome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, (2021). 22, 388.
Lee, C.H., & Kim, I.H. Aquatic exercise and land exercise treatments after total knee replacement arthroplasty in elderly women: a comparative study. Medicina (Kaunas), (2021). 57, 589.
Liao, C.D., Huang, Y.C., Lin, L.F., Chiu, Y.S., Tsai, J.C., Chen, C.L., & Liou, T.H. Continuous passive motion and its effects on knee flexion after total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, (2016). 24, 2578–2586.
Loyd, B.J., Stackhouse, S., Dayton, M., Hogan, C., Bade, M., & Stevens-Lapsley, J. The relationship between lower extremity swelling, quadriceps strength, and functional performance following total knee arthroplasty. Knee, (2019). 26, 382–391.
Moreno-Pérez, V., Soler, A., Ansa, A., López-Samanes, Á, Madruga-Parera, M., Beato, M., & Romero-Rodríguez, D. Acute and chronic effects of competition on ankle dorsiflexion ROM in professional football players. Eur J Sport Sci, (2020). 20, 51–60.
Myles, C.M., Rowe, P.J., Walker, C.R., & Nutton, R.W. Knee joint functional range of movement prior to and following total knee arthroplasty measured using flexible electrogoniometry. Gait Posture, (2002). 16, 46–54.
Nejati, P., Farzinmehr, A., & Moradi-Lakeh, M. The effect of exercise therapy on knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran, (2015). 29, 186.
Paul-Dauphin, A., Guillemin, F., Virion, J.M., & Briançon, S. Bias and precision in visual analogue scales: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Epidemiol, (1999). 150, 1117–1127.
Rätsepsoo, M., Gapeyeva, H., Sokk, J., Ereline, J., Haviko, T., & Pääsuke, M. Leg extensor muscle strength, postural stability, and fear of falling after a 2-month home exercise program in women with severe knee joint osteoarthritis. Medicina (Kaunas), (2013). 49, 347–353.
Rewald, S., Mesters, I., Lenssen, A.F., Emans, P.J., Wijnen, W., & de Bie, R.A. Effect of aqua-cycling on pain and physical functioning compared with usual care in patients with knee osteoarthritis: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, (2016). 17, 88.
Shadyab, A.H., Eaton, C.B., Li, W., & LaCroix, A.Z. Association of physical activity with late-life mobility limitation among women with total joint replacement for knee or hip osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol, (2018). 45, 1180–1187.
Skou, S.T., Pedersen, B.K., Abbott, J.H., Patterson, B., & Barton, C. Physical activity and exercise therapy benefit more than just symptoms and impairments in people with hip and knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, (2018). 48, 439–447.
Taglietti, M., Facci, L.M., Trelha, C.S., de Melo, F.C., da Silva, D.W., Sawczuk, G., Ruivo, T.M., de Souza, T.B., Sforza, C., & Cardoso, J.R. Effectiveness of aquatic exercises compared to patient-education on health status in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, (2018). 32, 766–776.
Wirries, N., Ezechieli, M., Stimpel, K., & Skutek, M. Impact of continuous passive motion on rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty. Physiother Res Int, (2020). 25, e1869.
Wu, Y., Yang, T., Zeng, Y., Si, H., Li, C., & Shen, B. Effect of different postoperative limb positions on blood loss and range of motion in total knee arthroplasty: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg, (2017). 37, 15–23.
Yang, X., Li, G.H., Wang, H.J., & Wang, C.Y. Continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of associated effects on clinical outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, (2019). 100, 1763–1778.
Yoshiko, A., Beppu, M., Izumida, R., Matsubara, M., Otani, T., Shiratsuchi, H., Takahira, N., Moritani, T., & Watanabe, K. Long-term assessment of morphological, functional, and quantitative parameters of skeletal muscle in older patients after unilateral total hip arthroplasty. Exp Gerontol, (2020). 137, 110971.

Article information Continued

Table 1

Physical characteristics of the subjects.

Variable CWD (n=5) CAW (n=5)
Age (yr) 24.4±4.2 34.4±18.3
Height (cm) 178.8±2.3 171.8±10.7
Weight (kg) 80.4±4.6 70.0±8.9

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

CWD, continusou passive mode (CPM) and walking on dryland; CAW, CPM and aqua walking.

Table 2

The result for ROM of the knee

Variable Group Pre Post F-value
Flexion CWD 92.0±15.25 106.0±12.9** G×P: 12.190††
CAW 100.0±7.9 130.0±6.1**

Extension CWD 18.0±4.5 14.0±5.5 G×P: 1.600
CAW 16.0±8.2 8.0±4.5*

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

ROM, range of motion; CWD, continuous passive mode (CPM) and walking on dryland; CAW, CPM and aqua walking

*

P<0.05 and

**

P<0.01, significantly different from pretest.

††

P<0.01, significantly interaction among group and period.

Table 3

The result for Manual muscle testing

Variable Group Pre Post F-value
Flexor CWD 3.2±0.5 3.8±0.5 G×P: 5.333
CAW 3.0±0.0 4.4±0.6**

Extensor CWD 3.4±0.6 4.0±0.0 G×P: 3.600
CAW 3.4±0.9 4.6±0.6**

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

CWD, continuous passive mode (CPM) and walking on dryland; CAW, CPM and aqua walking.

**

P<0.01, significantly different from pretest.

P<0.05, significantly interaction among group and period.

Table 4

The result for visual analogue scale

Variable Group Pre Post F-value
VAS CWD 3.6±0.4 3.0±0.7 G×P: 14.727††
CAW 4.0±1.0 1.6±0.6**

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

CWD, continuous passive mode (CPM) and walking on dryland; CAW, CPM and aqua walking; VAS, visual analogue scale.

**

P<0.01, significantly different from pretest.

††

P<0.01, significantly interaction among group and period.